Lost in transit
Indonesia was once a short stop-over for Middle East asylum
seekers queuing for ferries to Northern Australia. Now it’s a terminal. The lines are getting
longer. So is the wait for a resolution. Duncan
Graham reports:
The grim posters feature a rickety craft on a rolling sea
under a dirty sky. They are captioned:
NO WAY. You will not make Australia home. The small print warns those
registered with the UN High Commission for Refugees in Jakarta after 1 July
2014 will never reach their goal.
The government says its policy will ‘reduce the movement of
asylum seekers to Indonesia and encourage them to seek settlement in countries
of first asylum.’
A year ago there were around 13,800 known illegal migrants
(the official Indonesian term) stranded in the Republic with about half from
Afghanistan. The number is now 14,475
according to Dicky Komar, the Director of Human Rights in the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs.
The increase is despite 1,236 refugees being resettled,
mainly in Canada and the US in the same year.
This means almost 2,000 got into Indonesia in 2016 by-passing
immigration. Researchers say the usual
route is to fly into Malaysia, take a boat across the Malacca Straits to Sumatra
then public transport to Java.
Those who ignored the posters and didn’t drown in the
Arafura Sea have been caught by Australian patrols and either turned back or
sent to offshore detention camps now holding around 1,360. Most are young men;
the majority are on Papua New Guinea’s Manus Island – the rest on Nauru.
Those who did heed the posters’ message and stayed in
Indonesia are seeing their resettlement hopes dashed daily. Last year Australia
took 347 (down from more than 800 three years earlier), the US 761. These numbers will tumble. President Donald Trump is cutting the intake
and trying to ban people from six Muslim-majority nations. Refugees from Iran, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen,
Syria and Libya are in Indonesia.
Jakarta hasn’t signed the UN Refugee Convention so those trapped
in the Archipelago can't legally study or work. Claims to be a refugee are determined
by the UNHCR. The process can take years.
Indonesia is getting serious about trafficking. This
month [Mar] a Rote Island court sentenced notorious people smuggler Abraham (Captain
Bram) Louhenapessy to six years' jail.
He’s not the only one in cramped quarters. Chairul Anwar of Indonesia’s Transnational
Crimes Unit claims the 13 rudenin (detention
centres) are full. So around 4,000 squat
in community halls or rent rooms around Cisarua in West Java known for its
cheap lodgings.
Anwar said it would take 14 years to clear all asylum
seekers at the current rate of resettlement provided no new arrivals. He
forecast conflict unless the process is accelerated.
Indonesia is confronting the issues but Australia is paying
the bills. This financial year it has
budgeted US $1.7 million for the International Organization for Migration and US
$43 million to fund ‘regional cooperation arrangements in Indonesia …to manage
their asylum seeker populations’.
The social strife forecast by Anwar was downplayed
by advocate Ian Rintoul of the Refugee
Action Coalition in Sydney.
He said there are “large communities of Afghan families” who have been living
in Cisarua for many years.
These domestic arrangements could sink soon. This
year Indonesian President Joko Widodo signed a decree confirming refugees have
three options – resettlement, repatriation or deportation, though countries
like Iran refuse to accept returnees. Integration is not on the menu.
“Australia has created the bottle neck that leaves
asylum seekers in limbo in Indonesia for years,” Rintoul said. “Australia
effectively forces Indonesia to warehouse asylum seekers … while they wait hopelessly
for resettlement.”
Australian academic Dr Antje Missbach was at a Jakarta
briefing where the figures were released.
In her book Troubled Transit she
wrote ‘most displaced people in need of protection do not have Indonesia in mind
as the ultimate country of final settlement … (but) a way station and the final
stepping stone on the journey to Australia.’
After the briefing she told Strategic Review: “Indonesia
is no longer so much a transit country but will become more of a containment
country.”
Asylum seekers’ hopes of a life Down Under have collided with
citizens’ fears of open floodgates, a popular metaphor in the debate with
connotations of the ‘boundless plains’ of the national anthem being inundated.
The major parties support the turn-back policy; polls show
politicians inclined to a more humanitarian line could be thumped at the ballot
box.
Although Indonesian officials complain about the foreigners
the numbers in the archipelago are small when compared to neighbouring lands. There
are now more than half a million asylum seekers in Southeast Asia. Most are Rohingya
Muslims from Myanmar hunkered down in Malaysia and Thailand after escaping alleged
persecution.
Indonesia also has its own refugees. According to the Internal Displacement
Monitoring Centre there are at least 31,440 citizens ‘who remained internally displaced in Indonesia
as a result of conflict, violence and human rights violations’.
The increase in asylum seekers is likely to be discussed in
May by a working group of the Bali
Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking
in Persons and Related Transnational Crime a talkfest first formed in 2002
and now involving more than 50 nations and agencies. It is co-chaired by
Indonesia and Australia.
Rintoul was pessimistic about the outcome. “There will be no
constructive results because Australia has used the Bali Process to enforce
anti-people smuggling (i.e. anti-refugee) arrangements onto participating
countries,” he said.
Commented Missbach: “So far the Bali Process has always been more
concerned with protecting borders rather than people; if this is the prime goal
they have been successful, but that is to the detriment to the people who need
protection.”
Whatever the Bali Process decides, it will be tackling symptoms, and not
the reasons people flee.
First published in Strategic Review 24 March 2017
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